{"id":157074,"date":"2022-11-24T09:50:32","date_gmt":"2022-11-24T08:50:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/novice.si\/page\/?p=157074"},"modified":"2022-11-24T10:09:58","modified_gmt":"2022-11-24T09:09:58","slug":"prof-dr-radmila-milacic-institut-jozef-stefan-nekaj-dejstev-o-kromu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/novice.si\/page\/prof-dr-radmila-milacic-institut-jozef-stefan-nekaj-dejstev-o-kromu\/","title":{"rendered":"Prof.dr. Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d, Institut Jo\u017eef Stefan: Nekaj dejstev o kromu"},"content":{"rendered":"

Znanstvenica z In\u0161tituta Jo\u017eef Stefan, ena od vodilnih strokovnjakinj na podro\u010dju kroma, pojasnjuje dejstva o kromu in ocenjuje, kak\u0161na je ogro\u017eenost zdravja ljudi, \u017eivali in okolja v Zre\u010dah zaradi izpusta kromovega trioksida iz Uniorja.<\/b><\/p>\n

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Prof.dr. Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d, Institut Jo\u017eef Stefan, Foto: IJF<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Krom je element, ki se v naravi nahaja prete\u017eno v trivalentnem oksidacijskem stanju. V naravi je krom izjemoma lahko prisoten tudi v \u0161estvalentni oksidacijski obliki. \u0160estvalentni krom se naravno lahko pojavi ob zelo visokih temperaturah v obliki par, ki nastanejo pri vulkanskih izbruhih (1,2). Spojine \u0161estvalentnega kroma, ki se uporabljajo v industrijske namene, ali nastajajo ob visokih temperaturah pri industrijskih procesih, kot je na primer varjenje nerjavnega jekla, so strupene, povzro\u010dajo mo\u010dne dermatitise in so karcinogene (3-5).
\nSpojine trivalentnega kroma pa so nestrupene, oziroma bistveno manj strupene od \u0161estvalentnega kroma. \u0160estvalentni krom v obliki kromovega trioksida je v vodi zelo topna spojina. V stiku z vodo ali vodno paro se spremeni v kromatni ali dikromatni oksi-anion, spojini s kisikom, ki imata navzven dvakrat negativen naboj, sam \u0161estvalenten krom v teh spojinah pa je \u0161estkrat pozitivno nabit. V stiku z reducenti, oziroma antioksidanti, se \u0161estvalentni krom zelo hitro reducira v nestrupeno trivalentno obliko. Redukcija v prisotnosti reducentov (antioksidantov) poteka zelo hitro, \u0161e posebej hitra je v kislih raztopinah. V naravi so mo\u010dni reducenti, ki lahko reducirajo \u0161estvalentni krom in ga spremenijo v njegovo nestrupeno trivalentno obliko, spojine dvovalentnega \u017eeleza, sulfidi in organska snov. \u0160estvalentni krom lahko reducirajo tudi nekatere vrste bakterij. Znan reducent, ki u\u010dinkovito reducira \u0161estvalentni krom je tudi vitamin C (1,2,6,7).<\/p>\n

Zakaj je \u0161estvalenten krom strupen?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Spojine \u0161estvalentnega kroma so v glavnem v vodi zelo topne in v okolju zelo mobilne. \u0160estavlentni krom je v vodnih raztopinah vedno prisoten v obliki kromatnega ali dikromatnega oksi-aniona, ki imata dvakrat negativen naboj. Zaradi negativnega naboja kromatni anion zlahka prehaja celi\u010dne membrane, medtem ko je prehod pozitivno nabitih spojin trivalentnega kroma preko celi\u010dnih membran onemogo\u010den. Znotraj celice se \u0161estvalentni krom z reducenti prisotnimi v \u017eivih celicah u\u010dinkovito reducira. Redukcija poteka hipoma preko vmesnih spojin petvalentnega in \u0161tirivalentnega kroma do njegove trivalentne, stabilne oblike. Pri tem pride do po\u0161kodb DNK. Zato je \u0161estvalenten krom karcinogen. Sam trivalenten krom, ki ni posledica njegove redukcije iz \u0161estvalentnega kroma pa ni strupen, saj v celico kot pozitivno nabita zvrst ne more prehajati (2).<\/p>\n

Kak\u0161na je ogro\u017eenost zdravja ljudi, \u017eivali in okolja v Zre\u010dah zaradi izpusta kromovega trioksida?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ob dogodku nenamernega izpusta kromovega trioksida v okolje iz obrata Unior Zre\u010de lahko predvidimo, da ni pri\u0161lo do \u0161kodljivih u\u010dinkov na zdravje ljudi in \u017eivali, niti ne do ve\u010djih kvarnih u\u010dinkov na okolje. Po podatkih, ki so na razpolago je re\u010deno, da ljudje, ki so bili v \u010dasu dogodka na prostem v bli\u017eini izpusta niso poro\u010dali o dra\u017eenju dihalnih poti ali jedkim ob\u010dutkom na ko\u017ei. Zato lahko sklepamo, da je bila izpostavljenost teh ljudi minimalna. Kljub temu, da je \u0161estvalentni krom zelo strupen in povzro\u010da dermatitise in se pri dolgotrajni izpostavljenosti vdihavanju par \u0161estvalentnega kroma lahko razvije plju\u010dni rak, je v omenjenem primeru ta mo\u017enost neznatna, saj je \u0161lo za kraj\u0161i in po dostopnih poro\u010danjih, manj\u0161i izpust.<\/p>\n

Kje je zdaj \u0161estvalentni krom?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0160estvalentni krom, ki je prekril strehe, betonske in asfaltne povr\u0161ine in se je z meteornimi vodami spral v vodotoke, se je v povr\u0161inskih vodah razred\u010dil in se vezal na delce, ki so se usedli na re\u010dno dno in se zdru\u017eili s sedimentom. Organska snov prisotna v sedimentu pa \u0161estvalentni krom u\u010dinkovito reducira (11). \u0160estvalentni krom, ki je prekril travnate povr\u0161ine, tla, drevje in odpadlo listje se je v stiku z organsko snovjo zreduciral v nestrupen, oziroma bistveno maj strupen trivalentni krom (1,2, 8-10). Zato je tudi njegovo morebitno pronicanje skozi tla v podtalnico malo verjetno, saj se je na poti skozi tla najverjetneje v celoti zreduciral (12). Koncentracije naravno prisotnega trivalentnega kroma v zemlji se v povpre\u010dju gibljejo med 80 in 120 mg\/kg, v rastlinah pa so koncentracije trivalentnega kroma nekje med 0.5 in 5 mg\/kg kroma (2,10). Koncentracije \u0161estvalentnega kroma, ki se je sprostil v okolje in prekril okoli\u0161ka tla in rastline so bile v primerjavi s temi, ki so prisotne v tleh oziroma v rastlinskem materialu po vsej verjetnosti zaradi u\u010dinka red\u010denja, ko se je izpust z vetrom in de\u017ejem \u0161iril v okolico, bistveno ni\u017eje. Mesec dni po izpustu iz obrata Unior obstoj \u0161estvalentnega kroma v okolju ni ve\u010d mogo\u010d, saj se je zreduciral z organsko snovjo in ga tudi z najbolj ob\u010dutljivimi metodami kemijske analize (1,2) ne moremo ve\u010d lo\u010dit od koncentracij naravno prisotnega trivalentnega kroma v okolju – torej od njegovega naravnega ozadja.<\/p>\n

Kaj je povzro\u010dilo po\u0161kodbe na avtomobilskem laku?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Me\u0161anica \u0161estvalentnega kroma in kislinskih par, ki je prekrila povr\u0161ine avtomobilov na parkiri\u0161\u010du Unior Zre\u010de je pustila sledi, ki jih je bilo mo\u017eno s poliranjem odstraniti. Najverjetneje ni \u0161lo le samo za \u0161estavlentni krom, temve\u010d kombinacijo \u0161estvalentnega kroma s kislimi parami, ki so skupaj povzro\u010dile korozijske po\u0161kodbe avtomobilskega laka.<\/p>\n

A lahko ocenimo obseg izpusta \u0161estvalentnega kroma iz obrata Unior?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Obseg izpusta bi lahko ocenili le takoj ob samem dogodku, \u010de bi zajeli vzorce zraka in analizo vsebnosti \u0161estvalentnega kroma opravili takoj, kar pa je bilo prakti\u010dno nemogo\u010de izvesti. Za izra\u010dune pa bi morali poznati tudi volumen izpu\u0161\u010denih par.<\/p>\n

Zaklju\u010dek<\/strong><\/p>\n

Na osnovi znanih podatkov in poznavanja kemije kroma lahko zaklju\u010dimo, da je bila izpostavljenost prebivalcev Zre\u010d na sre\u010do majhna in ni vplivala na njihovo zdravstveno stanje. V okolju se je \u0161estvalentni krom \u017ee zreduciral in ne predstavlja nadaljnjih nevarnosti za zdravje ljudi, \u017eivali in za okolje.
\nVsekakor pa je potrebno poudariti, da je nujno zagotoviti pogoje, da do podobnih nesre\u010d v prihodnje ne bo ve\u010d prihajalo. Delavci, ki so poklicno izpostavljeni \u0161estvalentnemu kromu morajo nujno uporabljati ustrezno za\u0161\u010ditno opremo, da se prepre\u010dijo negativni u\u010dinki \u0161estvalentnega kroma na zdravje.
\nProf.dr. Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d, Odsek za znanosti o okolju, Institut Jo\u017eef Stefan<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Literatura
\n1) Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. A critical overview of Cr speciation analysis based on high performance liquid chromatography and spectrometric techniques. A review. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2014, 29, 427\u2013443. DOI: 10.1039\/c3ja50198a.
\n2) Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar. Cr speciation in foodstuffs, biological and environmental samples: Methodological approaches and analytical challenges. A critical review. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 127 (2020) 115888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trac.2020.115888.
\n3) Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. A novel approach for speciation of airborne chromium by convective-interaction media fast-monolithic chromatography with electrothermal atomic-absorption spectrometric detection. Analyst, 2002, 127, 629\u2013633. DOI: 10.1039\/b200876a.
\n4) Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Janez Tu\u0161ek. Determination of Cr(VI) in welding fumes by anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2002, 372, 549\u2013553. DOI:10.1007\/s00216-001-1192-8.
\n5) Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Bal\u00e1zs, Berlinger, Yngvar Thomassen, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. Simultaneous speciation analysis of chromate, molybdate, tungstate and vanadate in welding fume alkaline extracts by HPLC-ICP-MS. Talanta, 2015, 142, 164\u2013169. doi: 10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.04.067.
\n6) Matic Bergant, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. Kinetics of interaction of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) with serum constituents and detection of Cr species in human serum at physiological concentration levels. Talanta, 2020, 218, 121199-1-121199-8. doi: 10.1016\/j.talanta.2020.121199.
\n7) Eva Plestenjak, Barbara Kraigher, Simona Leskovec, Ines Mandic Mulec, Stefan Markovi\u0107, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. Reduction of hexavalent chromium using bacterial isolates and a microbial community enriched from tannery effluent. Scientific Reports, 2022, DOI 10.1038\/s41598-022-24797-z.
\n8) Breda Novotnik, Tea Zuliani, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. Chromate in food samples: an artefact of wrongly applied analytical methodology? Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2013, 28, 558\u2013566. doi: 10.1039\/C3JA30233D.
\n9) Stefan Markovi\u0107, Maja Vaukner, Ma\u0161a Islam\u010devi\u0107 Razbor\u0161ek, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar. The use of enriched stable isotopic tracers of 50Cr(VI) and 53Cr(III) in a study of Cr speciation in wine and beer. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2022, 108, 104422-1-104422-7. doi: 10.1016\/j.jfca.2022.104422.
\n10) Stefan Markovi\u0107, Lucija Lvestek, Du\u0161an \u017digon, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. Speciation and bio-imaging of chromium in Taraxacum officinale using HPLC post-column ID-ICP-MS, high resolution MS and laser ablation ICP-MS techniques. Frontiers in Chemistry. 2022, 10, 863387-1-863387-16. doi: 10.3389\/fchem.2022.863387.
\n11) Ana Drin\u010di\u0107, Tea Zuliani, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. Determination of hexavalent Cr in river sediments by speciated isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 637\/638, 1286\u20131294, doi: 10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.112.
\n12) Tea Zuliani, Janez \u0160\u010dan\u010dar, Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d. The use of stable isotopes for Cr(VI) determination in silty-clay soil solution. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. 2013, 405, 23, 7231\u20137240, doi: 10.1007\/s00216-013-7172-y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Znanstvenica z In\u0161tituta Jo\u017eef Stefan, ena od vodilnih strokovnjakinj na podro\u010dju kroma, pojasnjuje dejstva o kromu in ocenjuje, kak\u0161na je ogro\u017eenost zdravja ljudi, \u017eivali in okolja v Zre\u010dah zaradi izpusta kromovega trioksida iz Uniorja. Krom je element, ki se v naravi nahaja prete\u017eno v trivalentnem oksidacijskem stanju. V naravi je krom izjemoma lahko prisoten tudi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":157075,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[14,868,16,141,3108],"tags":[16401,16453,48],"class_list":{"0":"post-157074","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-aktualno","8":"category-casopisi","9":"category-konjisko","10":"category-novice","11":"category-radio-rogla","12":"tag-krom","13":"tag-radmila-milacic","14":"tag-unior"},"yoast_head":"\nProf.dr. Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d, Institut Jo\u017eef Stefan: Nekaj dejstev o kromu - Novice.si<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/novice.si\/page\/prof-dr-radmila-milacic-institut-jozef-stefan-nekaj-dejstev-o-kromu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sl_SI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Prof.dr. Radmila Mila\u010di\u010d, Institut Jo\u017eef Stefan: Nekaj dejstev o kromu - Novice.si\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Znanstvenica z In\u0161tituta Jo\u017eef Stefan, ena od vodilnih strokovnjakinj na podro\u010dju kroma, pojasnjuje dejstva o kromu in ocenjuje, kak\u0161na je ogro\u017eenost zdravja ljudi, \u017eivali in okolja v Zre\u010dah zaradi izpusta kromovega trioksida iz Uniorja. 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